Duosperma quadrangulare (Klotzsch) Brummitt

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Photo: Peter Woodall
Behind Kalizo Lodge, Caprivi

Photo: Petra Ballings
B8 to Ngoma

Photo: Bart Wursten
B8 to Ngoma

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Synonyms:	Disperma affine (Lindau) S. Moore Disperma angolense C.B. Clarke Disperma dentatum C.B.Clarke Disperma quadrangulare (Klotzsch) C.B. Clarke Disperma viscidissimum S. Moore Duosperma angolense (C.B. Clarke) Brummitt Duosperma dentatum C.B. Clarke, invalid name Hygrophila affinis Lindau Hygrophila quadrangularis (Klotzsch) Lindau Hygrophila sessilifolia sensu Lindau in Fries (1914), non Lindau Nomaphila quadrangularis Klotzsch
Common names:
Frequency:
Status:	Native
Description:	Erect or rarely decumbent, shrubby perennial herb, up to c. 1.2m tall. Stem 4-angled, aromatic when crushed, more or less densely covered with sticky glands and non-glandular hairs. Leaves opposite, elliptic to somewhat obovate, 3 - 20 cm long, hairless or with scattered glossy hairs on the veins; base decurrent; margin almost entire to toothed. Leaves often immature when flowering. Flowers in 1-3-flowered clusters in the upper axils, together often forming racemes or panicles with leaf-like bracts near the base of the inflorescence. Calyx with glandular and non-glandular hairs. Corolla white to mauve-purple with darker markings on the lower lip and a yellow to orange palate with stiff hairs on it. Fruit an obovoid capsule, 7-11 mm long, hairless or with scattered glands near the apex.
Notes:
Derivation of specific name:	quadrangulare: 4-angled, referring to the stems.
Habitat:	In mixed deciduous woodland, alluvial grassland, on river banks, near pans or marshes, on termite mounds and in areas of old cultivation.
Flowering time:	Almost throughout the year
Worldwide distribution:	Angola, Botswana, DRC, Namibia, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Growth form(s):
Endemic status:
Red data list status:
Insects associated with this species:
Spot characters:	Display spot characters for this species
Content last updated:	Wednesday 31 October 2018
Literature:	Da Silva, M.C., Izidine, S. & Amude, A.B. (2004). A preliminary checklist of the vascular plants of Mozambique. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 30 Sabonet, Pretoria Page 18. As Duosperma dentatum Mapaura, A. & Timberlake, J. (eds) (2004). A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 Sabonet, Pretoria and Harare Page 13. Phiri, P.S.M. (2005). A Checklist of Zambian Vascular Plants Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 32 Page 18. Setshogo, M.P. (2005). Preliminary checklist of the plants of Botswana. Sabonet Report no. 37. Sabonet, Pretoria and Gaborone Page 18. Vollesen, K. (2013). Acanthaceae (Part 1) Flora Zambesiaca 8(5) Pages 160 - 161.

Other sources of information about Duosperma quadrangulare:

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Flora of Botswana: Duosperma quadrangulare
Flora of Malawi: Duosperma quadrangulare
Flora of Mozambique: Duosperma quadrangulare
Flora of Zambia: Duosperma quadrangulare
Flora of Zimbabwe: Duosperma quadrangulare

External websites:

African Plants: A Photo Guide (Senckenberg): Duosperma quadrangulare
African Plant Database: Duosperma quadrangulare
BHL (Biodiversity Heritage Library): Duosperma quadrangulare
EOL (Encyclopedia of Life): Duosperma quadrangulare
GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility): Duosperma quadrangulare
Google: Web - Images - Scholar
iNaturalist: Duosperma quadrangulare
IPNI (International Plant Names Index): Duosperma quadrangulare
JSTOR Plant Science: Duosperma quadrangulare
Mansfeld World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: Duosperma quadrangulare
Plants of the World Online: Duosperma quadrangulare
Tropicos: Duosperma quadrangulare
Wikipedia: Duosperma quadrangulare